Present perfect

Perfect tense

The structure of the present perfect in English is:

[SUBJECT] + have / has + [participle of the verb]

Conjugación	Significado
I have played	yo he jugado
you have played	tú has jugado
he has played	él ha jugado
we have played	nosotros hemos jugado
you have played	vosotros habéis jugado
they have played	ellos han jugado

As you can see the auxiliary "it has" used in the third person singular and auxilar "have" in other cases.

Construction of the participle

Regular verbs form the participle "-ed" is added.

play➜played

But must take into account some considerations:

irregular verbs

For irregular verbs must be memorized his way past participle.

Verbo	Participio	Significado
to go	gone	ir
to make	made	hacer

Participle verbs in "-e"

Regular verbs ending with "-e" participle form its simply adding a "d".

Verbo	Participio	Significado
	used	usar
	excused	disculpar

Negation in the present perfect

Negation in the present perfect does not have any complications. Its structure is simply:

[SUBJECT] + have / has + not + [verb participle]

         

         He has not played well

Él no ha jugado bien

I have not eaten in 2 days

(Yo) no he comido en 2 días

The question in the present perfect

The question is constructed by reversing the order of subject and verb to have. That is to say:

Have / has + [SUBJECT] + [verb participle]?

Conjugación	Significado
have I done?	¿he hecho?
have you done?	¿has hecho?
has he done?	¿he hecho?
have we done?	¿hemos hecho?
have you done?	¿habéis hecho?
have they done?	¿han hecho?

If prayer had an interrogative particle form would be:

[Interrogative particle] + have + [SUBJECT] + [verb participle]?

What have you done?

¿Qué has hecho?

Using the present perfect

The present perfect is used to:

Actions that began in the past and have not finished in this

I have not slept in the past two days

No he dormido en los últimos 2 días

Actions that began and ended in the past but continues its effect on the present.
I am not hungry Because I have eaten an apple
I'm not hungry because I've eaten an apple

The nuance of the above example is that although we have finished eating the apple, this action has an impact on the present (not hungry at present for having eaten the apple)

I have bought a car
(I) I bought a car

The nuance of this second example is that although the act of buying over, the car still belongs to us in the present (continuous effect of the action).

Exercise

http://www.inglessencillo.com/presente-perfecto